Over the last couple of months, Harvest Imaging performed measurements on the PDAF pixels present in an existing, commercially available camera.\u00a0 The results of these measurements, including explanations\u00a0for the PDAF performance\/behaviour are written down in an extensive report.\u00a0 This report is now available.\u00a0 Unfortunately not free of charge, because quite some resources were invested in developing hard- and software tools to extract the right data directly out of the sensor.\u00a0 If you are interested in the report, please drop me a mail (info “at” harvestimaging “dot” com), and I am happy to send you a quotation to get a copy of the report.<\/p>\n
Find below the table of contents of the report, as well as a list of figures included in the report.<\/p>\n
Kind regards, Albert.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Table of Contents<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n List of Figures<\/span><\/p>\n Introduction<\/span><\/p>\n Working principle of PDAF pixels <\/span><\/p>\n Theoretical implementation of PDAF pixels<\/span><\/p>\n Practical implementation of PDAF pixels<\/span><\/p>\n From the theory to the reality<\/span><\/p>\n Measurement 1 : influence of F-number<\/span><\/p>\n Measurement 2 : influence of the object distance<\/span><\/p>\n Measurement 3 : influence of the object angle<\/span><\/p>\n Measurement 4 : influence of the PDAF location on the sensor<\/span><\/p>\n Measurement 5 : influence of the object colour<\/span><\/p>\n Conclusions<\/span><\/p>\n Acknowledgement<\/span><\/p>\n References<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n List of Figures<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Figure 1. Imaging with a positive lens<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 2. Requirement to have an image in-focus at the surface of the image sensor<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 3. illustration of rear focus, in-focus and front focus<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 4. Illustration of two different rear focus situations<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 5. Illustration of two different front focus situations<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 6. Optical ray formation from the object till the photodiode of an image sensor<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 7. Optical ray formation from the object till the partly optically-shielded photodiodes\/pixels of an image sensor<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 8. Aptina\u2019s MT9J007C1HS architecture with 9 rows containing auto-focus pixels based on phase detection<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 9. Microphotograph of one of the AF rows<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 10. Magnified view of an AF row<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 11. Microphotograph of an AF row<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 12. Sensor architecture indicating the various AF lines as well as the different zones used to read the sensor<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 13. Image taken from a random scenery with the AF option switched ON<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 14. Analysis of the signals of AF-line 5 in zone 5<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 15. Image taken from the same scenery as in Figure 13 with the AF option switched OFF and manually focused on the \u201cmacro\u201d position<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 16. Analysis of the signal of AF-line 5 in zone 5 in the case the AF system is forced to \u201cmacro\u201d position<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 17. Image taken from the same scenery as in Figure 13 with the AF option switched OFF, and manually focused on the \u201cinfinity\u201d position<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 18. Analysis of the signals of AF-line 5 in zone 5 in the case the AF system is forced to \u201cinfinity\u201d position<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 19. Odd and even PDAF signal for an object place 50 cm in front of the camera and the lens switched to auto-focus \u201cON\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 20. Odd and even PDAF signal for an object placed 50 cm in front of the camera and the lens focusing on \u201cinfinity\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 21. Odd and even PDAF signal for an object place 50 cm in front of the camera and the lens focusing on \u201cmacro\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 22. Depth-of-field as a function of the object distance for 3 F-numbers, the dotted lines indicate the corresponding hyper-focal distances<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 23 PDAF pixel shift as a function of F-number for an object 50 cm in front of the camera and auto focusing<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 24 PDAF pixel shift as a function of F-number for an object 50 cm in front of the camera and focusing at \u201cinfinity\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 25 PDAF pixel shift as a function of F-number for an object 50 cm in front of the camera and focusing at \u201cmacro\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 26 Front-focus situation<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 27. PDAF pixel shift as a function of object distance and auto-focus setting of the camera, with F2.8<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 28. PDAF pixel shift as a function of object distance and auto-focus setting of the camera, with F5.6<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 29. PDAF pixel shift as a function of object distance and auto-focus setting of the camera, with F11<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 30. PDAF pixel shift as a function of object distance, lens auto-focus setting on \u201cinfinity\u201d and with F2.8<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 31. PDAF pixel shift as a function of object distance, lens auto-focus setting on \u201cinfinity\u201d and with F5.6<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 32. PDAF pixel shift as a function of object distance, lens auto-focus setting on \u201cinfinity\u201d and with F11<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 33. PDAF pixel shift as a function of object distance, lens auto-focus setting on \u201cmacro\u201d and with F2.8<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 34. PDAF pixel shift as a function of object distance, lens auto-focus setting on \u201cmacro\u201d and with F5.6<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 35. PDAF pixel shift as a function of object distance, lens auto-focus setting on \u201cmacro\u201d and with F11<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 36. PDAF pixel shift as a function of object distance, lens focusing fixed at 60 cm and F2.8<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 37. PDAF pixel shift as a function of object distance, lens focusing fixed at 60 cm and F5.6<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 38. PDAF pixel shift as a function of object distance, lens focusing fixed at 60 cm and F11<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 39. PDAF pixel shift as a function of object angle and auto-focus setting of the camera, with F2.8<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 40. PDAF pixel shift as a function of object angle and auto-focus setting of the camera, with F11<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 41. PDAF pixel shift as a function of object angle, lens focusing on \u201cinfinity\u201d and with F2.8<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 42. PDAF pixel shift as a function of object angle, lens focusing on \u201cinfinity\u201d and with F11<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 43. PDAF pixel shift as a function of object angle, lens focusing on \u201cmacro\u201d and with F2.8<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 44. PDAF pixel shift as a function of object angle, lens focusing on \u201cmacro\u201d and with F11<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 45. PDAF pixel shift as a function of the PDAF location in readout zone 5 and auto-focus setting of the camera, with F2.8<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 46. PDAF pixel shift as a function of the PDAF location in readout zone 5 and auto-focus setting of the camera, with F11<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 47. PDAF pixel shift as a function of the PDAF location in readout zone 5 and lens focusing on \u201cinfinity\u201d and with F2.8<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 48. PDAF pixel shift as a function of the PDAF location in readout zone 5 and lens focusing on \u201cinfinity\u201d and with F11<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 49. PDAF pixel shift as a function of the PDAF location in readout zone 5 and lens focusing on \u201cmacro\u201d and with F2.8<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 50. PDAF pixel shift as a function of the PDAF location in readout zone 5 and lens focusing on \u201cmacro\u201d and with F11<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 51. Location of the various PDAF regions under test<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 52. PDAF pixel shift as a function of the PDAF location on AF-line 5 and on the diagonal with auto-focus setting of the camera and F2.8<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 53. PDAF pixel shift as a function of the PDAF location on AF-line 5 and on the diagonal with auto-focus setting of the camera and F11<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 54. PDAF pixel shift as a function of the PDAF location on AF-line 5 and on the diagonal with focus set to \u201cinfinity\u201d and F2.8<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 55. PDAF pixel shift as a function of the PDAF location on AF-line 5 and on the diagonal with focus set to \u201cinfinity\u201d and F11<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 56. PDAF pixel shift as a function of the PDAF location on AF-line 5 and on the diagonal with focus set to \u201cmacro\u201d and F2.8<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 57. PDAF pixel shift as a function of the PDAF location on AF-line 5 and on the diagonal with focus set to \u201cmacro\u201d and F11<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 58. Pulses used to measure the PDAF pulse shifts in zones 2 to 5 on the AF-line 5, lens focus at \u201cinfinity\u201d and F2.8<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 59. Incoming rays for a PDAF pair at the edge of the sensor<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 60. Pulses used to measure the PDAF pulse shifts in zones 2 to 5 on the AF-line 5, lens focus at \u201cmacro\u201d and F11<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 61. Odd and even pulses in AF-line 5, in AF-line 5 + 1 line and in AF-line 5 + 2 lines, with green light input, F2.8 and focusing at \u201cinfinity\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 62. Odd and even pulses in AF-line 5, in AF-line 5 + 1 line and in AF-line 5 + 2 lines, with green light input, F2.8 and focusing at \u201cinfinity\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 63. Odd and even pulses in AF-line 5, in AF-line 5 + 1 line and in AF-line 5 + 2 lines, with green light input, F2.8 and focusing at \u201cinfinity\u201d<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/p>\n Figure 64. PDAF pixel shift as a function of object colour and auto-focus setting of the camera, with F2.8<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 65. PDAF pixel shift as a function of object colour and auto-focus setting of the camera, with F11<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 66. PDAF pixel shift as a function of object colour, lens focusing on \u201cinfinity\u201d and with F2.8<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 67. PDAF pixel shift as a function of object colour, lens focusing on \u201cinfinity\u201d and with F11<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 68. PDAF pixel shift as a function of object colour, lens focusing on \u201cmacro\u201d and with F2.8<\/span><\/p>\n Figure 69. PDAF pixel shift as a function of object colour, lens focusing on \u201cmacro\u201d and with F11<\/span><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span> Over the last couple of months, Harvest Imaging performed measurements on the PDAF pixels present in an existing, commercially available camera.\u00a0 The results of these measurements, including explanations\u00a0for the PDAF performance\/behaviour are written down in an extensive report.\u00a0 This report is now available.\u00a0 Unfortunately not free of charge, because quite some resources were invested in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1499","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/harvestimaging.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1499","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/harvestimaging.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/harvestimaging.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harvestimaging.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harvestimaging.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1499"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/harvestimaging.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1499\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1505,"href":"https:\/\/harvestimaging.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1499\/revisions\/1505"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/harvestimaging.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1499"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harvestimaging.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1499"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/harvestimaging.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1499"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"